{"id":6936,"date":"2017-10-14T09:58:56","date_gmt":"2017-10-14T04:28:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.reachivy.com\/?page_id=6936"},"modified":"2018-08-17T11:32:57","modified_gmt":"2018-08-17T06:02:57","slug":"resourcesquiz-megmatsentence-correction-html","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.reachivy.com\/blog\/resources\/quiz-me\/gmat\/reading-comprehension.html","title":{"rendered":"GMAT Reading Comprehension"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Reading Time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> &lt; 1<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minute<\/span><\/span><p>Most students who take the GMAT are intimidated by the Reading Comprehension section of the GMAT. The GMAT tests you on various parameters, right from your ability to comprehend the passage, to your grammar skills, and finally your ability to infer and summarize. Here is a reading comprehension test sample for the GMAT.<\/p>\n<p><em>Instructions: <\/em>The questions in this group are based on the content of a passage. After reading the passage, choose the best answer to each question. 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The difficulties of this undertaking consisted mainly in the enormous mass of decrees emanating from the National Assemblies, relative to political, civil, and criminal affairs. Many of those decrees, the offspring of a momentary enthusiasm, had found a place in the codes of laws which were then compiled; and yet sagacious observers knew that several of them warred against the instincts of the Gallic race. This conviction was summed up in the trenchant statement of the compilers of the new code, in which they appealed from the ideas of Rousseau to the customs of the past: &quot;New theories are but the maxims of certain individuals: the old maxims represent the sense of centuries.&quot; &lt;br \\\/&gt; There was much force in this dictum. The overthrow of Feudalism and the old monarchy had not permanently altered the French nature. They were still the same joyous, artistic, clan-loving people whom the Latin historians described: and pride in the nation or the family was as closely linked with respect for a doughty champion of national and family interests as in the days of Caesar. Of this Roman or quasi-Gallic reaction Napoleon was to be the regulator; and no sphere of his activities bespeaks his unerring political sagacity more than his sifting of the old and the new in the great code which was afterwards to bear his name.&lt;br \\\/&gt; Old French law had been an inextricable labyrinth of laws and customs, mainly Roman and Frankish in origin, hopelessly tangled by feudal customs, provincial privileges, ecclesiastical rights, and the later undergrowth of royal decrees; and no part of the legislation of the revolutionists met with so little resistance as their root and branch destruction of this exasperating jungle. Their difficulties only began when they endeavored to apply the principles of the Rights of Man to political, civil, and criminal affairs. &lt;br \\\/&gt; The chief of these principles relating to criminal law were that law can only forbid actions that are harmful to society, and must only impose penalties that are strictly necessary. To these epoch-making pronouncements the Assembly added, in 1790, that crimes should be visited only on the guilty individual, not on the family; and that penalties must be proportioned to the offences. The last two of these principles had of late been flagrantly violated; but the general pacification of France now permitted a calm consideration of the whole question of criminal law, and of its application to normal conditions.&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Question 1: &lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; The author of the passage would likely agree with all of the following statements EXCEPT:&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;\",\"answer_array\":\"a:5:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:75:\\\"(A) The old code had an abundance of inefficient and contradictory decrees.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:97:\\\"(B) The abundance of turmoil under Napoleon\\u2019s rule allowed for the Rights of Man to be adopted.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:89:\\\"(C) The National Assembly was both a fount of needless bureaucracy and considered reform.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:92:\\\"(D) The compilers of the new code understood the need to appeal to French cultural identity.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:4;a:3:{i:0;s:121:\\\"(E) Napoleon attempt to synthesize the new principles of the Rights of Man and Old French law met with little opposition.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"(A) The old code had an abundance of inefficient and contradictory decrees.\\r\\n(B) The abundance of turmoil under Napoleon\\u2019s rule allowed for the Rights of Man to be adopted.\\r\\n(C) The National Assembly was both a fount of needless bureaucracy and considered reform.\\r\\n(D) The compilers of the new code understood the need to appeal to French cultural identity.\\r\\n(E) Napoleon attempt to synthesize the new principles of the Rights of Man and Old French law met with little opposition.\\r\\n---\\r\\nThe correct response is (B). In the final sentence of the passage, the author states that \\u201cthe general pacification of France now permitted a calm consideration.\\u201d Earlier in the paragraph, the author outlines the various Rights of Man that were incorporated into the Napoleonic code. It was the LACK of turmoil, not its abundance, which allowed the Rights of Man to be included in the reformed law.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (A), the \\u201cold code\\u201d mentioned in the passage is the pre-reformed code, before the Napoleonic codification of the law. The older code contained the inefficient decrees, and its troubling state is well described in the third paragraph. This IS a statement with which the author would likely agree. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (C), the National Assembly is mentioned twice in the passage: first criticized for its numerous decrees (\\u201cbureaucracy\\u201d), then praised for its adoption in 1790 of the Rights of Man. The author would arguably agree that the Assembly both caused the initial problems with the old code, AND helped usher in the reforms of the new code.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (D), this is supported by the final sentence of the introductory paragraph. \\u201c\\u2026trenchant statement of the compilers of the new code, in which they appealed from the ideas of Rousseau to the customs of the past\\u2026.\\u201d The next paragraph goes on to discuss how there was \\u201cmuch force\\u201d in the compilers\\u2019 statement because of \\u201cFrench nature\\u201d remaining unchanged. This IS a statement with which the author would likely agree.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (E), this IS a statement with which the author would likely agree. The passage states, \\u201cno part of the legislation of the revolutionists met with so little resistance as their root and branch destruction\\u201d of the labyrinth of customs\\\/laws that were previously in place. Since this is an \\u201cEXCEPT\\u201d question, look for the choice that is contradicted by specific details from the passage. \",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:1:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"(A) The old code had an abundance of inefficient and contradictory decrees.\",0,0],[\"(B) The abundance of turmoil under Napoleon\\u2019s rule allowed for the Rights of Man to be adopted.\",0,1],[\"(C) The National Assembly was both a fount of needless bureaucracy and considered reform.\",0,0],[\"(D) The compilers of the new code understood the need to appeal to French cultural identity.\",0,0],[\"(E) Napoleon attempt to synthesize the new principles of the Rights of Man and Old French law met with little opposition.\",0,0]]},\"208\":{\"question_id\":\"208\",\"quiz_id\":\"2\",\"question_name\":\"Your new question!\",\"answer_array\":\"a:0:{}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:2:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[]},\"21\":{\"question_id\":\"21\",\"quiz_id\":\"2\",\"question_name\":\"&lt;strong&gt;Questions 1-5 below refer to the following passage:&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;The quality of almost pyramidal solidity characterizes another great enterprise of the Napoleonic period, the codification of French law. The difficulties of this undertaking consisted mainly in the enormous mass of decrees emanating from the National Assemblies, relative to political, civil, and criminal affairs. Many of those decrees, the offspring of a momentary enthusiasm, had found a place in the codes of laws which were then compiled; and yet sagacious observers knew that several of them warred against the instincts of the Gallic race. This conviction was summed up in the trenchant statement of the compilers of the new code, in which they appealed from the ideas of Rousseau to the customs of the past: &quot;New theories are but the maxims of certain individuals: the old maxims represent the sense of centuries.&quot; &lt;br \\\/&gt; There was much force in this dictum. The overthrow of Feudalism and the old monarchy had not permanently altered the French nature. They were still the same joyous, artistic, clan-loving people whom the Latin historians described: and pride in the nation or the family was as closely linked with respect for a doughty champion of national and family interests as in the days of Caesar. Of this Roman or quasi-Gallic reaction Napoleon was to be the regulator; and no sphere of his activities bespeaks his unerring political sagacity more than his sifting of the old and the new in the great code which was afterwards to bear his name.&lt;br \\\/&gt; Old French law had been an inextricable labyrinth of laws and customs, mainly Roman and Frankish in origin, hopelessly tangled by feudal customs, provincial privileges, ecclesiastical rights, and the later undergrowth of royal decrees; and no part of the legislation of the revolutionists met with so little resistance as their root and branch destruction of this exasperating jungle. Their difficulties only began when they endeavored to apply the principles of the Rights of Man to political, civil, and criminal affairs. &lt;br \\\/&gt; The chief of these principles relating to criminal law were that law can only forbid actions that are harmful to society, and must only impose penalties that are strictly necessary. To these epoch-making pronouncements the Assembly added, in 1790, that crimes should be visited only on the guilty individual, not on the family; and that penalties must be proportioned to the offences. The last two of these principles had of late been flagrantly violated; but the general pacification of France now permitted a calm consideration of the whole question of criminal law, and of its application to normal conditions.&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Question 2: &lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; The word, \\u201cwarred\\u201d (paragraph 1), most nearly means:&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;\",\"answer_array\":\"a:5:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:11:\\\"(A) battled\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:14:\\\"(B) embittered\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:10:\\\"(C) belied\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:11:\\\"(D) opposed\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:4;a:3:{i:0;s:12:\\\"(E) refuted \\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"(A) battled\\r\\n(B) embittered\\r\\n(C) belied\\r\\n(D) opposed\\r\\n(E) refuted \\r\\n---\\r\\nThe correct choice is (D). In context, the phrase is: \\u201cseveral of them warred against the instincts of the Gallic race.\\u201d The pronoun \\u201cthem\\u201d here refers to the \\u201cdecrees\\u201d mentioned earlier in the paragraph. Obviously laws cannot \\u201cgo to war\\u201d so there must be a metaphorical meaning. The \\u201cdecrees\\u201d must not be compatible with the \\u201cinstincts\\u201d and \\u201cwarred\\u201d is revealing an opposite relationship. \\u201cOpposed\\u201d is the closest in meaning to the original connotation of \\u201cwarred.\\u201d \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (A), vocab-in-context questions rarely use the primary connotation of a word. The word typically takes on a secondary meaning within the paragraph. Though \\u201cwar\\u201d and \\u201cbattle\\u201d are similar words, the word is not being used to describe an actual conflict. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (B), it is not possible for \\u201cdecrees\\u201d to be \\u201cembittered\\u201d since \\u201cembittered\\u201d is a human emotion meaning feeling resentful. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (C), \\u201cbelied\\u201d means to disguise or contradict, or to fail to justify a claim. The \\u201cdecrees\\u201d here are not betraying the instincts of the Gallic race. The word \\u201cwarred\\u201d implies a sense of opposition, not betrayal. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (E), though \\u201cwarred\\u201d is a strongly-charged word and so is \\u201crefuted,\\u201d \\u201crefuted\\u201d means to prove that something is wrong. The \\u201cdecrees\\u201d are not PROVING the Gallic instincts wrong. \",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"2\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:1:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"(A) battled\",0,0],[\"(B) embittered\",0,0],[\"(C) belied\",0,0],[\"(D) opposed\",0,1],[\"(E) refuted \",0,0]]},\"22\":{\"question_id\":\"22\",\"quiz_id\":\"2\",\"question_name\":\"&lt;strong&gt;Questions 1-5 below refer to the following passage:&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;The quality of almost pyramidal solidity characterizes another great enterprise of the Napoleonic period, the codification of French law. The difficulties of this undertaking consisted mainly in the enormous mass of decrees emanating from the National Assemblies, relative to political, civil, and criminal affairs. Many of those decrees, the offspring of a momentary enthusiasm, had found a place in the codes of laws which were then compiled; and yet sagacious observers knew that several of them warred against the instincts of the Gallic race. This conviction was summed up in the trenchant statement of the compilers of the new code, in which they appealed from the ideas of Rousseau to the customs of the past: &quot;New theories are but the maxims of certain individuals: the old maxims represent the sense of centuries.&quot; &lt;br \\\/&gt; There was much force in this dictum. The overthrow of Feudalism and the old monarchy had not permanently altered the French nature. They were still the same joyous, artistic, clan-loving people whom the Latin historians described: and pride in the nation or the family was as closely linked with respect for a doughty champion of national and family interests as in the days of Caesar. Of this Roman or quasi-Gallic reaction Napoleon was to be the regulator; and no sphere of his activities bespeaks his unerring political sagacity more than his sifting of the old and the new in the great code which was afterwards to bear his name.&lt;br \\\/&gt; Old French law had been an inextricable labyrinth of laws and customs, mainly Roman and Frankish in origin, hopelessly tangled by feudal customs, provincial privileges, ecclesiastical rights, and the later undergrowth of royal decrees; and no part of the legislation of the revolutionists met with so little resistance as their root and branch destruction of this exasperating jungle. Their difficulties only began when they endeavored to apply the principles of the Rights of Man to political, civil, and criminal affairs. &lt;br \\\/&gt; The chief of these principles relating to criminal law were that law can only forbid actions that are harmful to society, and must only impose penalties that are strictly necessary. To these epoch-making pronouncements the Assembly added, in 1790, that crimes should be visited only on the guilty individual, not on the family; and that penalties must be proportioned to the offences. The last two of these principles had of late been flagrantly violated; but the general pacification of France now permitted a calm consideration of the whole question of criminal law, and of its application to normal conditions.&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Question 3: &lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; The primary purpose of this passage is to:&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;\",\"answer_array\":\"a:5:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:57:\\\"(A) question the efficacy of the pyramidal solidity model\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:64:\\\"(B) review the individual Rights of Man utilized in the new code\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:84:\\\"(C) praise Napoleon\\u2019s unerring political sagacity in reforming French criminal law\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:75:\\\"(D) survey the components that went into the making of the Napoleonic code \\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:4;a:3:{i:0;s:65:\\\"(E) explain the challenges Napoleon faced in codifying French law\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"(A) question the efficacy of the pyramidal solidity model\\r\\n(B) review the individual Rights of Man utilized in the new code\\r\\n(C) praise Napoleon\\u2019s unerring political sagacity in reforming French criminal law\\r\\n(D) survey the components that went into the making of the Napoleonic code \\r\\n(E) explain the challenges Napoleon faced in codifying French law\\r\\n---\\r\\nThe correct response is (E). The passage begins by describing the \\u201cdifficulties\\u201d of the undertaking, and each paragraph adds to this idea: describing the overabundance of decrees, the French national character, the confusion state of the legal system, and the importance of including the Rights of Man. Each paragraph adds up to a discussion of the challenges of imposing a new legal code.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (A), the \\u201cpyramidal solidity\\u201d model is briefly mentioned in the first sentence of the passage and then never again alluded to, making it unlikely to be the author\\u2019s main focus. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (B), this is done in the fourth paragraph, but recall that for a \\u201cprimary purpose\\u201d or \\u201cmain idea\\u201d question, we\\u2019re looking for an answer choice that is broad enough to encompass ALL of the passage\\u2019s paragraphs. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (C), don\\u2019t be fooled by the phrase \\u201cunerring political sagacity,\\u201d which is re-used from the second paragraph. The author is certainly impressed by Napoleon and his code, but the entire passage does not consist of ceaseless praise for the man. Rather, it\\u2019s more of a survey of the difficulties Napoleon faced in his reforms.   \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (D), the only paragraph to describe the \\u201ccomponents\\u201d in any detail is the final one. The other paragraphs do NOT describe the components, but rather elucidate the sorry state of the French legal system Napoleon was tasked with reforming. (E) is the better selection. \\r\\n\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"3\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:1:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"(A) question the efficacy of the pyramidal solidity model\",0,0],[\"(B) review the individual Rights of Man utilized in the new code\",0,0],[\"(C) praise Napoleon\\u2019s unerring political sagacity in reforming French criminal law\",0,0],[\"(D) survey the components that went into the making of the Napoleonic code \",0,0],[\"(E) explain the challenges Napoleon faced in codifying French law\",0,1]]},\"23\":{\"question_id\":\"23\",\"quiz_id\":\"2\",\"question_name\":\"&lt;strong&gt;Questions 1-5 below refer to the following passage:&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;The quality of almost pyramidal solidity characterizes another great enterprise of the Napoleonic period, the codification of French law. The difficulties of this undertaking consisted mainly in the enormous mass of decrees emanating from the National Assemblies, relative to political, civil, and criminal affairs. Many of those decrees, the offspring of a momentary enthusiasm, had found a place in the codes of laws which were then compiled; and yet sagacious observers knew that several of them warred against the instincts of the Gallic race. This conviction was summed up in the trenchant statement of the compilers of the new code, in which they appealed from the ideas of Rousseau to the customs of the past: &quot;New theories are but the maxims of certain individuals: the old maxims represent the sense of centuries.&quot; &lt;br \\\/&gt; There was much force in this dictum. The overthrow of Feudalism and the old monarchy had not permanently altered the French nature. They were still the same joyous, artistic, clan-loving people whom the Latin historians described: and pride in the nation or the family was as closely linked with respect for a doughty champion of national and family interests as in the days of Caesar. Of this Roman or quasi-Gallic reaction Napoleon was to be the regulator; and no sphere of his activities bespeaks his unerring political sagacity more than his sifting of the old and the new in the great code which was afterwards to bear his name.&lt;br \\\/&gt; Old French law had been an inextricable labyrinth of laws and customs, mainly Roman and Frankish in origin, hopelessly tangled by feudal customs, provincial privileges, ecclesiastical rights, and the later undergrowth of royal decrees; and no part of the legislation of the revolutionists met with so little resistance as their root and branch destruction of this exasperating jungle. Their difficulties only began when they endeavored to apply the principles of the Rights of Man to political, civil, and criminal affairs. &lt;br \\\/&gt; The chief of these principles relating to criminal law were that law can only forbid actions that are harmful to society, and must only impose penalties that are strictly necessary. To these epoch-making pronouncements the Assembly added, in 1790, that crimes should be visited only on the guilty individual, not on the family; and that penalties must be proportioned to the offences. The last two of these principles had of late been flagrantly violated; but the general pacification of France now permitted a calm consideration of the whole question of criminal law, and of its application to normal conditions.&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Question 4: &lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;Why does the author mention Caesar in the second paragraph?&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;\",\"answer_array\":\"a:5:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:53:\\\"(A) to compare Napoleon to one of his great forebears\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:65:\\\"(B) to reveal an aspect of the French character Napoleon utilized\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:69:\\\"(C) to describe the foundational characteristics of the Gallic people\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:72:\\\"(D) to emphasize the impact Roman law had on the development of the code\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:4;a:3:{i:0;s:75:\\\"(E) to analyze the function of historical precedence on the Napoleonic code\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"(A) to compare Napoleon to one of his great forebears\\r\\n(B) to reveal an aspect of the French character Napoleon utilized\\r\\n(C) to describe the foundational characteristics of the Gallic people\\r\\n(D) to emphasize the impact Roman law had on the development of the code\\r\\n(E) to analyze the function of historical precedence on the Napoleonic code\\r\\n---\\r\\nThe correct response is (B). The passage mentions how French \\u201cpride\\u201d was linked with \\u201crespect for a doughty champion.\\u201d \\u201cDoughty\\u201d here means \\u201cresolute.\\u201d Caesar is used to show just how far back in time this characteristic was evidenced. The next sentence then describes how Napoleon was to be \\u201cregulator\\u201d and utilized this aspect to great \\u201cpolitical sagacity.\\u201d  \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (A), Napoleon and Caesar may both have been great emperors, but the paragraph is not concerned with drawing a comparison between the two men. Aspects of their lives are not discussed in any detail nor studied side-by-side. The detail is being used illustrate how Napoleon was able to brilliantly rule the French people.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (C), the entire paragraph may contain descriptions of the foundational characteristics of the French, however that is not why the author is employing THIS specific detail. This is part of  the function of the entire paragraph but is too broad to apply to this detail. Dig deeper to find out why the author uses a detail within a paragraph to make a more specific point.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (D), this is outside of scope. The paragraph does not mention the laws of Rome, nor their potential impact of the Napoleonic code. Paragraph three does mention some Roman influence, but we\\u2019re focused on the second paragraph. Look for an answer more narrowly focused on the specifics of THIS paragraph. Ask yourself: why would the author include this detail in this location? What is lost if it is omitted?\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (E), don\\u2019t be confused by the word \\u201chistorical.\\u201d Even though Caesar\\u2019s was a Roman emperor centuries before Napoleon, the purpose of including Caesar in this paragraph is not to analyze the influence one may have had on the other\\u2019s rule of law. This is not an inference question \\u2013 remember to stick close to what the passage actually says!\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"4\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:1:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"(A) to compare Napoleon to one of his great forebears\",0,0],[\"(B) to reveal an aspect of the French character Napoleon utilized\",0,1],[\"(C) to describe the foundational characteristics of the Gallic people\",0,0],[\"(D) to emphasize the impact Roman law had on the development of the code\",0,0],[\"(E) to analyze the function of historical precedence on the Napoleonic code\",0,0]]},\"24\":{\"question_id\":\"24\",\"quiz_id\":\"2\",\"question_name\":\"&lt;strong&gt;Questions 1-5 below refer to the following passage:&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;The quality of almost pyramidal solidity characterizes another great enterprise of the Napoleonic period, the codification of French law. The difficulties of this undertaking consisted mainly in the enormous mass of decrees emanating from the National Assemblies, relative to political, civil, and criminal affairs. Many of those decrees, the offspring of a momentary enthusiasm, had found a place in the codes of laws which were then compiled; and yet sagacious observers knew that several of them warred against the instincts of the Gallic race. This conviction was summed up in the trenchant statement of the compilers of the new code, in which they appealed from the ideas of Rousseau to the customs of the past: &quot;New theories are but the maxims of certain individuals: the old maxims represent the sense of centuries.&quot; &lt;br \\\/&gt; There was much force in this dictum. The overthrow of Feudalism and the old monarchy had not permanently altered the French nature. They were still the same joyous, artistic, clan-loving people whom the Latin historians described: and pride in the nation or the family was as closely linked with respect for a doughty champion of national and family interests as in the days of Caesar. Of this Roman or quasi-Gallic reaction Napoleon was to be the regulator; and no sphere of his activities bespeaks his unerring political sagacity more than his sifting of the old and the new in the great code which was afterwards to bear his name.&lt;br \\\/&gt; Old French law had been an inextricable labyrinth of laws and customs, mainly Roman and Frankish in origin, hopelessly tangled by feudal customs, provincial privileges, ecclesiastical rights, and the later undergrowth of royal decrees; and no part of the legislation of the revolutionists met with so little resistance as their root and branch destruction of this exasperating jungle. Their difficulties only began when they endeavored to apply the principles of the Rights of Man to political, civil, and criminal affairs. &lt;br \\\/&gt; The chief of these principles relating to criminal law were that law can only forbid actions that are harmful to society, and must only impose penalties that are strictly necessary. To these epoch-making pronouncements the Assembly added, in 1790, that crimes should be visited only on the guilty individual, not on the family; and that penalties must be proportioned to the offences. The last two of these principles had of late been flagrantly violated; but the general pacification of France now permitted a calm consideration of the whole question of criminal law, and of its application to normal conditions.&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Question 5: &lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;It can be inferred that the author of the passage believed the old code to be flawed because of its:&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;\",\"answer_array\":\"a:5:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:24:\\\"(A) bloated inefficiency\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:38:\\\"(B) refusal to adopt the Rights of Man\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:38:\\\"(C) strict adherence to feudal customs\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:22:\\\"(D) lack of innovation\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:4;a:3:{i:0;s:28:\\\"(E) reliance on older maxims\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"(A) bloated inefficiency\\r\\n(B) refusal to adopt the Rights of Man\\r\\n(C) strict adherence to feudal customs\\r\\n(D) lack of innovation\\r\\n(E) reliance on older maxims\\r\\n--\\r\\nThe correct response is (A). This is supported by the description of the state of the old code in the third paragraph. The old code is described as \\u201can inextricable labyrinth\\u201d and an \\u201cexasperating jungle,\\u201d implying a dense, inefficient system. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (B), this is a distortion. The \\u201cRights of Man\\u201d were certainly adopted in the Napoleonic code, but there is nothing in the passage to indicate the old code \\u201crefused\\u201d to adopt them. More likely, the Rights of Man had not been in existence in the course of the old code\\u2019s development.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (C), \\u201cfeudal customs\\u201d are mentioned in the third paragraph as one in a list of four items that \\u201chopelessly tangled\\u201d the existing laws. The old law wasn\\u2019t \\u201cadhering\\u201d to feudal customs necessarily; the customs simply exacerbated the problem. Additionally, there is no evidence that this is the primary reason the author felt the old code was flawed.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (D), there is nothing to indicate the author\\u2019s main criticism of the old code was that it did not innovate. If anything, this is contradicted by the third paragraph which describes its development over time, implying that it did grow and change (and there innovated) as centuries passed.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (E), this is contradicted by the first paragraph, in which the compilers of the new code state: &quot;New theories are but the maxims of certain individuals: the old maxims represent the sense of centuries.&quot; The compilers of the new code support the old maxims. \",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"5\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:1:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"(A) bloated inefficiency\",0,1],[\"(B) refusal to adopt the Rights of Man\",0,0],[\"(C) strict adherence to feudal customs\",0,0],[\"(D) lack of innovation\",0,0],[\"(E) reliance on older maxims\",0,0]]},\"25\":{\"question_id\":\"25\",\"quiz_id\":\"2\",\"question_name\":\"&lt;strong&gt;Questions 6-8 below refer to the following passage:&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; In our study of business we are always emphasizing the &quot;long-time point&lt;br \\\/&gt; of view,&quot; and we fall back upon this convenient phrase to harmonize&lt;br \\\/&gt; many discrepancies between our so-called scientific principles and&lt;br \\\/&gt; present facts. On the whole, we are well justified in assuming these&lt;br \\\/&gt; long-time harmonies, but it will not do to overlook the fact that many&lt;br \\\/&gt; important and legitimate enterprises have to justify themselves from a&lt;br \\\/&gt; short-time viewpoint. Of more importance still is the fact that in this&lt;br \\\/&gt; country enterprises of the latter sort have predominated in the past.&lt;br \\\/&gt; This circumstance has a very marked bearing on the nature of our task,&lt;br \\\/&gt; when we try to approach business from the standpoint of education.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; There are strong historical and temperamental reasons why&lt;br \\\/&gt; nineteenth-century Americans were inclined to take a short-time view of&lt;br \\\/&gt; business situations. Our fathers were pioneers, and the pioneer has&lt;br \\\/&gt; neither the time, the capital, the information, the social insight, nor&lt;br \\\/&gt; the need to build policies for a distant future. The pioneer must&lt;br \\\/&gt; support himself from the land; he must get quick results, and he must&lt;br \\\/&gt; get them with the material at hand.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; Every one of our great industries--steel, oil, textiles, packing,&lt;br \\\/&gt; milling, and the rest--has its early story colored with pioneer&lt;br \\\/&gt; romance. The same romantic atmosphere gave a setting of lights and&lt;br \\\/&gt; shadows to merchandising and finance and most of all to transportation.&lt;br \\\/&gt; Whether we view these nineteenth-century activities from the standpoint&lt;br \\\/&gt; of private business or of public policy, they bear the same testimony&lt;br \\\/&gt; to the pioneer attitude of mind.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; Considering our business life in its national aspects, our two greatest&lt;br \\\/&gt; enterprises in the nineteenth century were the settlement of the&lt;br \\\/&gt; continent and the building-up of a national industry. In both these&lt;br \\\/&gt; enterprises we gave the pioneer spirit wide range. With respect to the&lt;br \\\/&gt; latter, industrial policy before 1900 was summed up in three items:&lt;br \\\/&gt; protective tariff, free immigration, and essential immunity from legal&lt;br \\\/&gt; restraints. This is not the place to justify or condemn a policy of&lt;br \\\/&gt; laissez-faire, or to strike a balance of truth and error in the&lt;br \\\/&gt; intricate arguments for protection and free trade; nor need we here&lt;br \\\/&gt; trace the industrial or social results of immigration. We need only&lt;br \\\/&gt; point out that the policy in general outline illustrates the attitude&lt;br \\\/&gt; of the pioneer. The thing desired was obvious; obvious instruments were&lt;br \\\/&gt; at hand--immediate means used for immediate ends. From his viewpoint,&lt;br \\\/&gt; the question of best means or of ultimate ends did not need to be&lt;br \\\/&gt; considered.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Question 6: &lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; The author implies all of the following EXCEPT:\",\"answer_array\":\"a:5:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:70:\\\"(A) There is doubt as to the efficacy of the long-term point of view. \\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:87:\\\"(B) Pioneers foresook the long-term business model as inapplicable to the work-at-hand.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:123:\\\"(C) Modern American industrial achievements can be attributed, in part, to a practical nature on the part of the pioneers. \\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:197:\\\"(D) Different business models can be deemed ideal within unique contexts. (C) Modern American industrial achievements can be attributed, in part, to a practical nature on the part of the pioneers. \\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:4;a:3:{i:0;s:84:\\\"(E) The pioneers are not at fault for their failure to utilize the long-term model. \\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"(A) There is doubt as to the efficacy of the long-term point of view. \\r\\n(B) Pioneers foresook the long-term business model as inapplicable to the work-at-hand.\\r\\n(C) Modern American industrial achievements can be attributed, in part, to a practical nature on the part of the pioneers. \\r\\n(D) Different business models can be deemed ideal within unique contexts. (C) Modern American industrial achievements can be attributed, in part, to a practical nature on the part of the pioneers. \\r\\n(E) The pioneers are not at fault for their failure to utilize the long-term model. \\r\\n--\\r\\nThe correct response is (B). This is an Inference question (note the word \\u201cimplies). From the word \\u201cEXCEPT\\u201d in the question stem, we know that four of the answer choices WILL be correct inferences from the passage and one will not. The sentence in choice (B) is a distortion of information from the passage. The second paragraph mentions the 19th century Americans as \\u201cinclined\\u201d to take a short-term view, but doesn\\u2019t describe them as urgently rejecting the long-term model. \\u201cForesook\\u201d is a too-extreme choice, and additionally it is unclear what is meant by the phrase \\u201cinapplicable to the work-at-hand.\\u201d \\r\\nIf you chose (A), this is described in the first paragraph. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (C), while the third paragraph describes a \\u201cromantic atmosphere,\\u201d the last sentence of the second paragraph describes the pioneers as practical, needing to \\u201cget quick results\\u201d from the \\u201cmaterial at hand.\\u201d\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (D) or (E), both statements are supported by the information in the final sentences of the passage.\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"5\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:1:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"(A) There is doubt as to the efficacy of the long-term point of view. \",0,0],[\"(B) Pioneers foresook the long-term business model as inapplicable to the work-at-hand.\",0,1],[\"(C) Modern American industrial achievements can be attributed, in part, to a practical nature on the part of the pioneers. \",0,0],[\"(D) Different business models can be deemed ideal within unique contexts. (C) Modern American industrial achievements can be attributed, in part, to a practical nature on the part of the pioneers. \",0,0],[\"(E) The pioneers are not at fault for their failure to utilize the long-term model. \",0,0]]},\"26\":{\"question_id\":\"26\",\"quiz_id\":\"2\",\"question_name\":\"&lt;strong&gt;Questions 6-8 below refer to the following passage:&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;In our study of business we are always emphasizing the &quot;long-time point&lt;br \\\/&gt; of view,&quot; and we fall back upon this convenient phrase to harmonize&lt;br \\\/&gt; many discrepancies between our so-called scientific principles and&lt;br \\\/&gt; present facts. On the whole, we are well justified in assuming these&lt;br \\\/&gt; long-time harmonies, but it will not do to overlook the fact that many&lt;br \\\/&gt; important and legitimate enterprises have to justify themselves from a&lt;br \\\/&gt; short-time viewpoint. Of more importance still is the fact that in this&lt;br \\\/&gt; country enterprises of the latter sort have predominated in the past.&lt;br \\\/&gt; This circumstance has a very marked bearing on the nature of our task,&lt;br \\\/&gt; when we try to approach business from the standpoint of education.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; There are strong historical and temperamental reasons why&lt;br \\\/&gt; nineteenth-century Americans were inclined to take a short-time view of&lt;br \\\/&gt; business situations. Our fathers were pioneers, and the pioneer has&lt;br \\\/&gt; neither the time, the capital, the information, the social insight, nor&lt;br \\\/&gt; the need to build policies for a distant future. The pioneer must&lt;br \\\/&gt; support himself from the land; he must get quick results, and he must&lt;br \\\/&gt; get them with the material at hand.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; Every one of our great industries--steel, oil, textiles, packing,&lt;br \\\/&gt; milling, and the rest--has its early story colored with pioneer&lt;br \\\/&gt; romance. The same romantic atmosphere gave a setting of lights and&lt;br \\\/&gt; shadows to merchandising and finance and most of all to transportation.&lt;br \\\/&gt; Whether we view these nineteenth-century activities from the standpoint&lt;br \\\/&gt; of private business or of public policy, they bear the same testimony&lt;br \\\/&gt; to the pioneer attitude of mind.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; Considering our business life in its national aspects, our two greatest&lt;br \\\/&gt; enterprises in the nineteenth century were the settlement of the&lt;br \\\/&gt; continent and the building-up of a national industry. In both these&lt;br \\\/&gt; enterprises we gave the pioneer spirit wide range. With respect to the&lt;br \\\/&gt; latter, industrial policy before 1900 was summed up in three items:&lt;br \\\/&gt; protective tariff, free immigration, and essential immunity from legal&lt;br \\\/&gt; restraints. This is not the place to justify or condemn a policy of&lt;br \\\/&gt; laissez-faire, or to strike a balance of truth and error in the&lt;br \\\/&gt; intricate arguments for protection and free trade; nor need we here&lt;br \\\/&gt; trace the industrial or social results of immigration. We need only&lt;br \\\/&gt; point out that the policy in general outline illustrates the attitude&lt;br \\\/&gt; of the pioneer. The thing desired was obvious; obvious instruments were&lt;br \\\/&gt; at hand--immediate means used for immediate ends. From his viewpoint,&lt;br \\\/&gt; the question of best means or of ultimate ends did not need to be&lt;br \\\/&gt; considered. &lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Question 7: &lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;The primary purpose of the passage is to &lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;\",\"answer_array\":\"a:5:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:70:\\\"(A) outline two viewpoints in business education and favor one of them\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:83:\\\"(B) describe how the pioneer spirit influenced the development of American industry\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:71:\\\"(C) illustrate the romantic attitudes of 19th century American pioneers\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:69:\\\"(D) explain how American business policy shaped 19th century industry\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:4;a:3:{i:0;s:89:\\\"(E) explore the definition of a business model through the lens of its historical context\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"(A) outline two viewpoints in business education and favor one of them\\r\\n(B) describe how the pioneer spirit influenced the development of American industry\\r\\n(C) illustrate the romantic attitudes of 19th century American pioneers\\r\\n(D) explain how American business policy shaped 19th century industry\\r\\n(E) explore the definition of a business model through the lens of its historical context\\r\\n--\\r\\nThe correct response is (E). The primary purpose of the passage is best found in the middle of the final paragraph: \\u201cpoint out that the policy in general outline illustrates the attitude of the pioneer.\\u201d In the first paragraph the author sets out his intention to explore an instance where a short-term model gave rise to \\u201cimportant and legitimate enterprises.\\u201d He introduces the predominance of the long-term model, then goes on the use the 19th century American pioneers to explore the short-term model. If you chose (A), the long-term model is never fully outlined, and only briefly mentioned in the first paragraph. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (B) and (C), these are certainly true for the middle paragraphs, but the overall frame of the passage is seen through the lens of the short-term business model. Remember the \\u201cprimary\\u201d purpose must encompass the entire passage, including the first and last paragraphs. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (D), if anything it should be reversed. It was the 19th century pioneers who shaped American business policy, not the other way around. \",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"7\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:1:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"(A) outline two viewpoints in business education and favor one of them\",0,0],[\"(B) describe how the pioneer spirit influenced the development of American industry\",0,0],[\"(C) illustrate the romantic attitudes of 19th century American pioneers\",0,0],[\"(D) explain how American business policy shaped 19th century industry\",0,0],[\"(E) explore the definition of a business model through the lens of its historical context\",0,1]]},\"27\":{\"question_id\":\"27\",\"quiz_id\":\"2\",\"question_name\":\"&lt;strong&gt;Questions 6-8 below refer to the following passage:&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;In our study of business we are always emphasizing the &quot;long-time point&lt;br \\\/&gt; of view,&quot; and we fall back upon this convenient phrase to harmonize&lt;br \\\/&gt; many discrepancies between our so-called scientific principles and&lt;br \\\/&gt; present facts. On the whole, we are well justified in assuming these&lt;br \\\/&gt; long-time harmonies, but it will not do to overlook the fact that many&lt;br \\\/&gt; important and legitimate enterprises have to justify themselves from a&lt;br \\\/&gt; short-time viewpoint. Of more importance still is the fact that in this&lt;br \\\/&gt; country enterprises of the latter sort have predominated in the past.&lt;br \\\/&gt; This circumstance has a very marked bearing on the nature of our task,&lt;br \\\/&gt; when we try to approach business from the standpoint of education.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; There are strong historical and temperamental reasons why&lt;br \\\/&gt; nineteenth-century Americans were inclined to take a short-time view of&lt;br \\\/&gt; business situations. Our fathers were pioneers, and the pioneer has&lt;br \\\/&gt; neither the time, the capital, the information, the social insight, nor&lt;br \\\/&gt; the need to build policies for a distant future. The pioneer must&lt;br \\\/&gt; support himself from the land; he must get quick results, and he must&lt;br \\\/&gt; get them with the material at hand.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; Every one of our great industries--steel, oil, textiles, packing,&lt;br \\\/&gt; milling, and the rest--has its early story colored with pioneer&lt;br \\\/&gt; romance. The same romantic atmosphere gave a setting of lights and&lt;br \\\/&gt; shadows to merchandising and finance and most of all to transportation.&lt;br \\\/&gt; Whether we view these nineteenth-century activities from the standpoint&lt;br \\\/&gt; of private business or of public policy, they bear the same testimony&lt;br \\\/&gt; to the pioneer attitude of mind.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; Considering our business life in its national aspects, our two greatest&lt;br \\\/&gt; enterprises in the nineteenth century were the settlement of the&lt;br \\\/&gt; continent and the building-up of a national industry. In both these&lt;br \\\/&gt; enterprises we gave the pioneer spirit wide range. With respect to the&lt;br \\\/&gt; latter, industrial policy before 1900 was summed up in three items:&lt;br \\\/&gt; protective tariff, free immigration, and essential immunity from legal&lt;br \\\/&gt; restraints. This is not the place to justify or condemn a policy of&lt;br \\\/&gt; laissez-faire, or to strike a balance of truth and error in the&lt;br \\\/&gt; intricate arguments for protection and free trade; nor need we here&lt;br \\\/&gt; trace the industrial or social results of immigration. We need only&lt;br \\\/&gt; point out that the policy in general outline illustrates the attitude&lt;br \\\/&gt; of the pioneer. The thing desired was obvious; obvious instruments were&lt;br \\\/&gt; at hand--immediate means used for immediate ends. From his viewpoint,&lt;br \\\/&gt; the question of best means or of ultimate ends did not need to be&lt;br \\\/&gt; considered. &lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Question 8: &lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;In line 25, \\u201ccolored\\u201d most nearly means&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;\",\"answer_array\":\"a:5:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:12:\\\"(A) shadowed\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:12:\\\"(B) filtered\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:14:\\\"(C) permeated \\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:15:\\\"(D) hegemonized\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:4;a:3:{i:0;s:11:\\\"(E) actuate\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"(A) shadowed\\r\\n(B) filtered\\r\\n(C) permeated \\r\\n(D) hegemonized\\r\\n(E) actuate\\r\\n--\\r\\nThe correct response is (C). In the sentence, we\\u2019re looking for a verb that is something attributable to \\u201cpioneer romance\\u201d and the idea that the pioneer mindset bore influence on their business practice. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (A), don\\u2019t be fooled by the word \\u201cshadows\\u201d in the following sentence. \\u201cTo shadow\\u201d means to change by degrees, or to darken. We\\u2019re looking for a word like \\u201cinfluence\\u201d here.  If you chose (B), the \\u201cromance\\u201d itself wasn\\u2019t doing the filtering. Rather it was being filtered.  \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (D), to hegemonize means to dominate \\u2013 this meaning is too strong for what is implied here. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (E), to \\u201cactuate\\u201d means to bring forth, or move into action. This is too strong for what it implied. \",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"8\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:1:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"(A) shadowed\",0,0],[\"(B) filtered\",0,0],[\"(C) permeated \",0,1],[\"(D) hegemonized\",0,0],[\"(E) actuate\",0,0]]},\"28\":{\"question_id\":\"28\",\"quiz_id\":\"2\",\"question_name\":\"&lt;strong&gt;Questions 9-11 below refer to the following passage:&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; If one is to establish a terminus ante quem for the appearance of the mechanical clock in Europe, it would appear that 1364 is the most reasonable date. It might well be possible to set a date a few decades earlier, but in general as one proceeds backwards from this point, the evidence becomes increasingly fragmentary and uncertain.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; Temporarily postponing the consideration of evidence prior to 1350, one may take Giovanni de Dondi as a starting point and trace a virtually unbroken lineage from his time to the present day. One may follow the spread of clocks through Europe, from large towns to small ones, from the richer cathedrals and abbeys to the less wealthy churches. There is the transition from the tower clocks\\u2014showpieces of great institutions--to the simple chamber clock designed for domestic use and to the smaller portable clocks and still smaller and more portable pocket watches.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; In mechanical refinement a similar continuity may be noted, so that one sees the cumulative effect of the introduction of the spring drive, pendulum control, and the anchor escapement. The transition from de Dondi to the modern chronometer is indeed basically continuous, and though much research needs to be done on special topics, it has an historical unity and seems to conform for the most part to the general pattern of steady mechanical improvement found elsewhere in the history of technology.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; Most remarkable however is the earliest period of this seemingly steady evolution. Side by side with the advances made in the earliest period extending for less than two centuries from the time of de Dondi one may see a spectacular process of degeneration or devolution. Not only is de Dondi&#039;s the earliest clock of which we have a full and trustworthy account, it is also far more complicated than any other until comparatively modern times! Moreover, it was not an exception. There were others like it, and one cannot therefore reject as accidental this process of degeneration that occurs at the very beginning of the certain history of the mechanical clock in Europe.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Question 9: &lt;\\\/strong&gt;The primary purpose of this passage it to &lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;\",\"answer_array\":\"a:5:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:63:\\\"(A) provide the date for the invention of the mechanical clock.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:89:\\\"(B) acknowledge the debt the world owes de Dondi\\u2019s research into mechanical clockworks.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:68:\\\"(C) describe the history of the development of the mechanical clock.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:84:\\\"(D) overview the process of degeneration in the development of the mechanical clock.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:4;a:3:{i:0;s:86:\\\"(E) frame a discussion of the development of the clock in terms of cumulative lineage \\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"(A) provide the date for the invention of the mechanical clock.\\r\\n(B) acknowledge the debt the world owes de Dondi\\u2019s research into mechanical clockworks.\\r\\n(C) describe the history of the development of the mechanical clock.\\r\\n(D) overview the process of degeneration in the development of the mechanical clock.\\r\\n(E) frame a discussion of the development of the clock in terms of cumulative lineage \\r\\n---\\r\\nThe correct response is (E). The passage is less-concerned with details of the clock\\u2019s development, than in starting a discussion of how the clock developed as part of an unbroken lineage, save for a two centuries devolution. The passage is much more focused on the \\u201chow\\u201d than the nitty-gritty details. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (A), this would correspond to the purpose of the first paragraph, but the scope of this answer choice is too narrow to apply to the entire passage.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (B), though de Dondi is mentioned throughout the passage, his \\u201cresearch\\u201d is not. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (C), though the passage\\u2019s topic is the development of the mechanical clock, no specific history is described beyond the mention of de Dondi. We don\\u2019t know any of the mechanical breakthroughs or who else contributed to its development. There isn\\u2019t enough specific detail in the passage to support this as the primary purpose. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (D), the process of degeneration is mentioned only in the final paragraph, as almost an interesting footnote to the entire discussion, but it is not itself the primary purpose of the entire passage. \",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"9\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:1:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"(A) provide the date for the invention of the mechanical clock.\",0,0],[\"(B) acknowledge the debt the world owes de Dondi\\u2019s research into mechanical clockworks.\",0,0],[\"(C) describe the history of the development of the mechanical clock.\",0,0],[\"(D) overview the process of degeneration in the development of the mechanical clock.\",0,0],[\"(E) frame a discussion of the development of the clock in terms of cumulative lineage \",0,1]]},\"29\":{\"question_id\":\"29\",\"quiz_id\":\"2\",\"question_name\":\"&lt;strong&gt;Questions 9-11 below refer to the following passage:&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;If one is to establish a terminus ante quem for the appearance of the mechanical clock in Europe, it would appear that 1364 is the most reasonable date. It might well be possible to set a date a few decades earlier, but in general as one proceeds backwards from this point, the evidence becomes increasingly fragmentary and uncertain. &lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; Temporarily postponing the consideration of evidence prior to 1350, one may take Giovanni de Dondi as a starting point and trace a virtually unbroken lineage from his time to the present day. One may follow the spread of clocks through Europe, from large towns to small ones, from the richer cathedrals and abbeys to the less wealthy churches. There is the transition from the tower clocks\\u2014showpieces of great institutions--to the simple chamber clock designed for domestic use and to the smaller portable clocks and still smaller and more portable pocket watches. &lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; In mechanical refinement a similar continuity may be noted, so that one sees the cumulative effect of the introduction of the spring drive, pendulum control, and the anchor escapement. The transition from de Dondi to the modern chronometer is indeed basically continuous, and though much research needs to be done on special topics, it has an historical unity and seems to conform for the most part to the general pattern of steady mechanical improvement found elsewhere in the history of technology.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; Most remarkable however is the earliest period of this seemingly steady evolution. Side by side with the advances made in the earliest period extending for less than two centuries from the time of de Dondi one may see a spectacular process of degeneration or devolution. Not only is de Dondi&#039;s the earliest clock of which we have a full and trustworthy account, it is also far more complicated than any other until comparatively modern times! Moreover, it was not an exception. There were others like it, and one cannot therefore reject as accidental this process of degeneration that occurs at the very beginning of the certain history of the mechanical clock in Europe.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Question 10: &lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;According to the passage, which of the following is the primary reason that de Dondi\\u2019s contributions are noteworthy?&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;\",\"answer_array\":\"a:5:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:81:\\\"(A) He was the only man in his time to take an interest in mechanical clockworks.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:57:\\\"(B) He was the earliest designer of the mechanical clock.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:60:\\\"(C) His clock was the most modern among his contemporaries. \\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:90:\\\"(D) Out of all the historical clock-makers, his account was the most full and trustworthy.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:4;a:3:{i:0;s:99:\\\"(E) Starting from his contributions, there is an unbroken lineage of achievements in clock-making. \\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"(A) He was the only man in his time to take an interest in mechanical clockworks.\\r\\n(B) He was the earliest designer of the mechanical clock.\\r\\n(C) His clock was the most modern among his contemporaries. \\r\\n(D) Out of all the historical clock-makers, his account was the most full and trustworthy.\\r\\n(E) Starting from his contributions, there is an unbroken lineage of achievements in clock-making. \\r\\n---\\r\\nThe correct response is (C). This is mentioned by the author in the final paragraph: \\u201cNot only is de Dondi&#039;s the earliest clock of which we have a full and trustworthy account, it is also far more complicated than any other until comparatively modern times!\\u201d The exclamation point helps to reveal the author\\u2019s enthusiasm for de Dondi\\u2019s achievement: mainly that de Dondi was able to design a \\u201cmodern\\u201d clock. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (A), there is nothing in the passage to support the idea that de Dondi was the \\u201conly\\u201d man in his time to study clockworks.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (B), though the passage focuses on de Dondi, it does mention that prior accomplishments were made, so it is not reasonable (or logical) to assume de Dondi was the \\u201cearliest\\u201d designer.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (D), the phrase \\u201cfull and trustworthy\\u201d appears in the final paragraph to point out that de Dondi\\u2019s clock is the earliest clock of which we have an account. There may well have been other clock-makers whose accounts rivaled de Dondi that historians do not have access to or were lost over time. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (E), the final paragraph calls the time after de Dondi only \\u201cseemingly\\u201d steady, and then mentions two centuries\\u2019 worth of \\u201cside-by-side\\u201d devolution and degeneration. While in the \\u201cbig picture\\u201d achievements after de Dondi were rapidly ascending, in the immediate decades after him there were some steps backward. \",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"10\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:1:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"(A) He was the only man in his time to take an interest in mechanical clockworks.\",0,0],[\"(B) He was the earliest designer of the mechanical clock.\",0,0],[\"(C) His clock was the most modern among his contemporaries. \",0,1],[\"(D) Out of all the historical clock-makers, his account was the most full and trustworthy.\",0,0],[\"(E) Starting from his contributions, there is an unbroken lineage of achievements in clock-making. \",0,0]]},\"30\":{\"question_id\":\"30\",\"quiz_id\":\"2\",\"question_name\":\"&lt;strong&gt;Questions 9-11 below refer to the following passage:&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;If one is to establish a terminus ante quem for the appearance of the mechanical clock in Europe, it would appear that 1364 is the most reasonable date. It might well be possible to set a date a few decades earlier, but in general as one proceeds backwards from this point, the evidence becomes increasingly fragmentary and uncertain. &lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; Temporarily postponing the consideration of evidence prior to 1350, one may take Giovanni de Dondi as a starting point and trace a virtually unbroken lineage from his time to the present day. One may follow the spread of clocks through Europe, from large towns to small ones, from the richer cathedrals and abbeys to the less wealthy churches. There is the transition from the tower clocks\\u2014showpieces of great institutions--to the simple chamber clock designed for domestic use and to the smaller portable clocks and still smaller and more portable pocket watches. &lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; In mechanical refinement a similar continuity may be noted, so that one sees the cumulative effect of the introduction of the spring drive, pendulum control, and the anchor escapement. The transition from de Dondi to the modern chronometer is indeed basically continuous, and though much research needs to be done on special topics, it has an historical unity and seems to conform for the most part to the general pattern of steady mechanical improvement found elsewhere in the history of technology.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; Most remarkable however is the earliest period of this seemingly steady evolution. Side by side with the advances made in the earliest period extending for less than two centuries from the time of de Dondi one may see a spectacular process of degeneration or devolution. Not only is de Dondi&#039;s the earliest clock of which we have a full and trustworthy account, it is also far more complicated than any other until comparatively modern times! Moreover, it was not an exception. There were others like it, and one cannot therefore reject as accidental this process of degeneration that occurs at the very beginning of the certain history of the mechanical clock in Europe.&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;br \\\/&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Question 11: &lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt; The attitude of the author of the passage towards the development of the mechanical clock can best be described as:&lt;br \\\/&gt;&lt;br \\\/&gt;\",\"answer_array\":\"a:5:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:26:\\\"(A) objective and detached\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:29:\\\"(B) enthusiastic and tempered\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:31:\\\"(C) contemplative and anecdotal\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:26:\\\"(D) discursive and logical\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:4;a:3:{i:0;s:29:\\\"(E) passionate and persuasive\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"(A) objective and detached\\r\\n(B) enthusiastic and tempered\\r\\n(C) contemplative and anecdotal\\r\\n(D) discursive and logical\\r\\n(E) passionate and persuasive\\r\\n---\\r\\nThe correct response is (B). The author is obviously enthusiastic and positive about the subject matter, praising de Dondi repeatedly. Yet in the final paragraph he tempers his argument regarding the consistent breakthroughs in the development of the clock with information about a temporary process of degeneration. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (A), the author is not detached and objective from the subject matter. Keywords such as \\u201cfull and trustworthy,\\u201d \\u201cspectacular\\u201d and \\u201csteady\\u201d reveal the author\\u2019s emotions. He obviously cares enough about the subject matter to delve into it in such detail!\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (C), \\u201ccontemplative\\u201d could apply to this passage, however \\u201canecdotal\\u201d refers to short narratives or illustrations, none of which are present here.\\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (D), \\u201clogical\\u201d could apply to this passage, however \\u201cdiscursive\\u201d means rambling or moving from subject to subject. The author never abandons the scope of the development of the mechanical clock. \\r\\n\\r\\nIf you chose (E), the author\\u2019s tone isn\\u2019t quite \\u201cpassionate\\u201d and he certainly isn\\u2019t trying to persuade the reader of anything. For a more argumentative tone, the author\\u2019s underlying ambition in writing the piece would have to be more clear. \",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"11\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:1:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"(A) objective and detached\",0,0],[\"(B) enthusiastic and tempered\",0,1],[\"(C) contemplative and anecdotal\",0,0],[\"(D) discursive and logical\",0,0],[\"(E) passionate and persuasive\",0,0]]}},\"first_page\":true}\n                    <\/script><div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-2 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz qsm_auto_pagination_enabled quiz_theme_default  '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form name=\"quizForm2\" id=\"quizForm2\" action=\"\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6936\" method=\"POST\" class=\"qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" id=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" value=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_nonce\" id=\"qsm_nonce_2\" value=\"1477e2f660\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_unique_key\" id=\"qsm_unique_key_2\" value=\"6ab06611ab168\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<span id=\"mlw_top_of_quiz\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_begin \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_message_before'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Welcome to our GMAT Reading Comprehension Quiz. To begin click Next<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-1\" data-apid=\"1\" data-qpid=\"1\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-11 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question ' >\n\t\t<p><strong>Questions 1-5 below refer to the following passage:<\/strong><br \/><br \/><br \/>The quality of almost pyramidal solidity characterizes another great enterprise of the Napoleonic period, the codification of French law. The difficulties of this undertaking consisted mainly in the enormous mass of decrees emanating from the National Assemblies, relative to political, civil, and criminal affairs. Many of those decrees, the offspring of a momentary enthusiasm, had found a place in the codes of laws which were then compiled; and yet sagacious observers knew that several of them warred against the instincts of the Gallic race. This conviction was summed up in the trenchant statement of the compilers of the new code, in which they appealed from the ideas of Rousseau to the customs of the past: \"New theories are but the maxims of certain individuals: the old maxims represent the sense of centuries.\" <br \/> There was much force in this dictum. The overthrow of Feudalism and the old monarchy had not permanently altered the French nature. They were still the same joyous, artistic, clan-loving people whom the Latin historians described: and pride in the nation or the family was as closely linked with respect for a doughty champion of national and family interests as in the days of Caesar. Of this Roman or quasi-Gallic reaction Napoleon was to be the regulator; and no sphere of his activities bespeaks his unerring political sagacity more than his sifting of the old and the new in the great code which was afterwards to bear his name.<br \/> Old French law had been an inextricable labyrinth of laws and customs, mainly Roman and Frankish in origin, hopelessly tangled by feudal customs, provincial privileges, ecclesiastical rights, and the later undergrowth of royal decrees; and no part of the legislation of the revolutionists met with so little resistance as their root and branch destruction of this exasperating jungle. Their difficulties only began when they endeavored to apply the principles of the Rights of Man to political, civil, and criminal affairs. <br \/> The chief of these principles relating to criminal law were that law can only forbid actions that are harmful to society, and must only impose penalties that are strictly necessary. To these epoch-making pronouncements the Assembly added, in 1790, that crimes should be visited only on the guilty individual, not on the family; and that penalties must be proportioned to the offences. The last two of these principles had of late been flagrantly violated; but the general pacification of France now permitted a calm consideration of the whole question of criminal law, and of its application to normal conditions.<br \/><br \/> <strong>Question 1: <\/strong><br \/> The author of the passage would likely agree with all of the following statements EXCEPT:<br \/><br \/><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question11-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question11\" id=\"question11_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question11_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(A) The old code had an abundance of inefficient and contradictory decrees.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question11-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question11\" id=\"question11_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question11_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(B) The abundance of turmoil under Napoleon\u2019s rule allowed for the Rights of Man to be adopted.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question11-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question11\" id=\"question11_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question11_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(C) The National Assembly was both a fount of needless bureaucracy and considered reform.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question11-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question11\" id=\"question11_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question11_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(D) The compilers of the new code understood the need to appeal to French cultural identity.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question11-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question11\" id=\"question11_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question11_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(E) Napoleon attempt to synthesize the new principles of the Rights of Man and Old French law met with little opposition.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question11_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question11\" id=\"question11_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_11\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-208 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question ' >\n\t\t<p>Your new question!<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question208_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question208\" id=\"question208_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_208\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-21 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question ' >\n\t\t<p><strong>Questions 1-5 below refer to the following passage:<\/strong><br \/><br \/>The quality of almost pyramidal solidity characterizes another great enterprise of the Napoleonic period, the codification of French law. The difficulties of this undertaking consisted mainly in the enormous mass of decrees emanating from the National Assemblies, relative to political, civil, and criminal affairs. Many of those decrees, the offspring of a momentary enthusiasm, had found a place in the codes of laws which were then compiled; and yet sagacious observers knew that several of them warred against the instincts of the Gallic race. This conviction was summed up in the trenchant statement of the compilers of the new code, in which they appealed from the ideas of Rousseau to the customs of the past: \"New theories are but the maxims of certain individuals: the old maxims represent the sense of centuries.\" <br \/> There was much force in this dictum. The overthrow of Feudalism and the old monarchy had not permanently altered the French nature. They were still the same joyous, artistic, clan-loving people whom the Latin historians described: and pride in the nation or the family was as closely linked with respect for a doughty champion of national and family interests as in the days of Caesar. Of this Roman or quasi-Gallic reaction Napoleon was to be the regulator; and no sphere of his activities bespeaks his unerring political sagacity more than his sifting of the old and the new in the great code which was afterwards to bear his name.<br \/> Old French law had been an inextricable labyrinth of laws and customs, mainly Roman and Frankish in origin, hopelessly tangled by feudal customs, provincial privileges, ecclesiastical rights, and the later undergrowth of royal decrees; and no part of the legislation of the revolutionists met with so little resistance as their root and branch destruction of this exasperating jungle. Their difficulties only began when they endeavored to apply the principles of the Rights of Man to political, civil, and criminal affairs. <br \/> The chief of these principles relating to criminal law were that law can only forbid actions that are harmful to society, and must only impose penalties that are strictly necessary. To these epoch-making pronouncements the Assembly added, in 1790, that crimes should be visited only on the guilty individual, not on the family; and that penalties must be proportioned to the offences. The last two of these principles had of late been flagrantly violated; but the general pacification of France now permitted a calm consideration of the whole question of criminal law, and of its application to normal conditions.<br \/><br \/> <strong>Question 2: <\/strong><br \/> The word, \u201cwarred\u201d (paragraph 1), most nearly means:<br \/><br \/><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question21-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question21\" id=\"question21_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question21_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(A) battled\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question21-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question21\" id=\"question21_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question21_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(B) embittered\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question21-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question21\" id=\"question21_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question21_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(C) belied\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question21-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question21\" id=\"question21_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question21_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(D) opposed\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question21-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question21\" id=\"question21_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question21_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(E) refuted\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question21_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question21\" id=\"question21_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_21\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-22 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question ' >\n\t\t<p><strong>Questions 1-5 below refer to the following passage:<\/strong><br \/><br \/>The quality of almost pyramidal solidity characterizes another great enterprise of the Napoleonic period, the codification of French law. The difficulties of this undertaking consisted mainly in the enormous mass of decrees emanating from the National Assemblies, relative to political, civil, and criminal affairs. Many of those decrees, the offspring of a momentary enthusiasm, had found a place in the codes of laws which were then compiled; and yet sagacious observers knew that several of them warred against the instincts of the Gallic race. This conviction was summed up in the trenchant statement of the compilers of the new code, in which they appealed from the ideas of Rousseau to the customs of the past: \"New theories are but the maxims of certain individuals: the old maxims represent the sense of centuries.\" <br \/> There was much force in this dictum. The overthrow of Feudalism and the old monarchy had not permanently altered the French nature. They were still the same joyous, artistic, clan-loving people whom the Latin historians described: and pride in the nation or the family was as closely linked with respect for a doughty champion of national and family interests as in the days of Caesar. Of this Roman or quasi-Gallic reaction Napoleon was to be the regulator; and no sphere of his activities bespeaks his unerring political sagacity more than his sifting of the old and the new in the great code which was afterwards to bear his name.<br \/> Old French law had been an inextricable labyrinth of laws and customs, mainly Roman and Frankish in origin, hopelessly tangled by feudal customs, provincial privileges, ecclesiastical rights, and the later undergrowth of royal decrees; and no part of the legislation of the revolutionists met with so little resistance as their root and branch destruction of this exasperating jungle. Their difficulties only began when they endeavored to apply the principles of the Rights of Man to political, civil, and criminal affairs. <br \/> The chief of these principles relating to criminal law were that law can only forbid actions that are harmful to society, and must only impose penalties that are strictly necessary. To these epoch-making pronouncements the Assembly added, in 1790, that crimes should be visited only on the guilty individual, not on the family; and that penalties must be proportioned to the offences. The last two of these principles had of late been flagrantly violated; but the general pacification of France now permitted a calm consideration of the whole question of criminal law, and of its application to normal conditions.<br \/><br \/> <strong>Question 3: <\/strong><br \/> The primary purpose of this passage is to:<br \/><br \/><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question22-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question22\" id=\"question22_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question22_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(A) question the efficacy of the pyramidal solidity model\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question22-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question22\" id=\"question22_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question22_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(B) review the individual Rights of Man utilized in the new code\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question22-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question22\" id=\"question22_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question22_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(C) praise Napoleon\u2019s unerring political sagacity in reforming French criminal law\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question22-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question22\" id=\"question22_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question22_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(D) survey the components that went into the making of the Napoleonic code\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question22-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question22\" id=\"question22_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question22_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(E) explain the challenges Napoleon faced in codifying French law\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question22_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question22\" id=\"question22_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_22\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-23 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question ' >\n\t\t<p><strong>Questions 1-5 below refer to the following passage:<\/strong><br \/><br \/>The quality of almost pyramidal solidity characterizes another great enterprise of the Napoleonic period, the codification of French law. The difficulties of this undertaking consisted mainly in the enormous mass of decrees emanating from the National Assemblies, relative to political, civil, and criminal affairs. Many of those decrees, the offspring of a momentary enthusiasm, had found a place in the codes of laws which were then compiled; and yet sagacious observers knew that several of them warred against the instincts of the Gallic race. This conviction was summed up in the trenchant statement of the compilers of the new code, in which they appealed from the ideas of Rousseau to the customs of the past: \"New theories are but the maxims of certain individuals: the old maxims represent the sense of centuries.\" <br \/> There was much force in this dictum. The overthrow of Feudalism and the old monarchy had not permanently altered the French nature. They were still the same joyous, artistic, clan-loving people whom the Latin historians described: and pride in the nation or the family was as closely linked with respect for a doughty champion of national and family interests as in the days of Caesar. Of this Roman or quasi-Gallic reaction Napoleon was to be the regulator; and no sphere of his activities bespeaks his unerring political sagacity more than his sifting of the old and the new in the great code which was afterwards to bear his name.<br \/> Old French law had been an inextricable labyrinth of laws and customs, mainly Roman and Frankish in origin, hopelessly tangled by feudal customs, provincial privileges, ecclesiastical rights, and the later undergrowth of royal decrees; and no part of the legislation of the revolutionists met with so little resistance as their root and branch destruction of this exasperating jungle. Their difficulties only began when they endeavored to apply the principles of the Rights of Man to political, civil, and criminal affairs. <br \/> The chief of these principles relating to criminal law were that law can only forbid actions that are harmful to society, and must only impose penalties that are strictly necessary. To these epoch-making pronouncements the Assembly added, in 1790, that crimes should be visited only on the guilty individual, not on the family; and that penalties must be proportioned to the offences. The last two of these principles had of late been flagrantly violated; but the general pacification of France now permitted a calm consideration of the whole question of criminal law, and of its application to normal conditions.<br \/><br \/> <strong>Question 4: <\/strong><br \/>Why does the author mention Caesar in the second paragraph?<br \/><br \/><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question23-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question23\" id=\"question23_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question23_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(A) to compare Napoleon to one of his great forebears\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question23-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question23\" id=\"question23_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question23_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(B) to reveal an aspect of the French character Napoleon utilized\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question23-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question23\" id=\"question23_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question23_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(C) to describe the foundational characteristics of the Gallic people\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question23-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question23\" id=\"question23_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question23_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(D) to emphasize the impact Roman law had on the development of the code\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question23-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question23\" id=\"question23_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question23_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(E) to analyze the function of historical precedence on the Napoleonic code\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question23_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question23\" id=\"question23_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_23\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-24 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question ' >\n\t\t<p><strong>Questions 1-5 below refer to the following passage:<\/strong><br \/><br \/>The quality of almost pyramidal solidity characterizes another great enterprise of the Napoleonic period, the codification of French law. The difficulties of this undertaking consisted mainly in the enormous mass of decrees emanating from the National Assemblies, relative to political, civil, and criminal affairs. Many of those decrees, the offspring of a momentary enthusiasm, had found a place in the codes of laws which were then compiled; and yet sagacious observers knew that several of them warred against the instincts of the Gallic race. This conviction was summed up in the trenchant statement of the compilers of the new code, in which they appealed from the ideas of Rousseau to the customs of the past: \"New theories are but the maxims of certain individuals: the old maxims represent the sense of centuries.\" <br \/> There was much force in this dictum. The overthrow of Feudalism and the old monarchy had not permanently altered the French nature. They were still the same joyous, artistic, clan-loving people whom the Latin historians described: and pride in the nation or the family was as closely linked with respect for a doughty champion of national and family interests as in the days of Caesar. Of this Roman or quasi-Gallic reaction Napoleon was to be the regulator; and no sphere of his activities bespeaks his unerring political sagacity more than his sifting of the old and the new in the great code which was afterwards to bear his name.<br \/> Old French law had been an inextricable labyrinth of laws and customs, mainly Roman and Frankish in origin, hopelessly tangled by feudal customs, provincial privileges, ecclesiastical rights, and the later undergrowth of royal decrees; and no part of the legislation of the revolutionists met with so little resistance as their root and branch destruction of this exasperating jungle. Their difficulties only began when they endeavored to apply the principles of the Rights of Man to political, civil, and criminal affairs. <br \/> The chief of these principles relating to criminal law were that law can only forbid actions that are harmful to society, and must only impose penalties that are strictly necessary. To these epoch-making pronouncements the Assembly added, in 1790, that crimes should be visited only on the guilty individual, not on the family; and that penalties must be proportioned to the offences. The last two of these principles had of late been flagrantly violated; but the general pacification of France now permitted a calm consideration of the whole question of criminal law, and of its application to normal conditions.<br \/><br \/> <strong>Question 5: <\/strong><br \/>It can be inferred that the author of the passage believed the old code to be flawed because of its:<br \/><br \/><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question24-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question24\" id=\"question24_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question24_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(A) bloated inefficiency\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question24-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question24\" id=\"question24_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question24_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(B) refusal to adopt the Rights of Man\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question24-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question24\" id=\"question24_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question24_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(C) strict adherence to feudal customs\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question24-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question24\" id=\"question24_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question24_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(D) lack of innovation\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question24-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question24\" id=\"question24_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question24_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(E) reliance on older maxims\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question24_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question24\" id=\"question24_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_24\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-25 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question ' >\n\t\t<p><strong>Questions 6-8 below refer to the following passage:<\/strong><br \/> <br \/> In our study of business we are always emphasizing the \"long-time point<br \/> of view,\" and we fall back upon this convenient phrase to harmonize<br \/> many discrepancies between our so-called scientific principles and<br \/> present facts. On the whole, we are well justified in assuming these<br \/> long-time harmonies, but it will not do to overlook the fact that many<br \/> important and legitimate enterprises have to justify themselves from a<br \/> short-time viewpoint. Of more importance still is the fact that in this<br \/> country enterprises of the latter sort have predominated in the past.<br \/> This circumstance has a very marked bearing on the nature of our task,<br \/> when we try to approach business from the standpoint of education.<br \/> <br \/> There are strong historical and temperamental reasons why<br \/> nineteenth-century Americans were inclined to take a short-time view of<br \/> business situations. Our fathers were pioneers, and the pioneer has<br \/> neither the time, the capital, the information, the social insight, nor<br \/> the need to build policies for a distant future. The pioneer must<br \/> support himself from the land; he must get quick results, and he must<br \/> get them with the material at hand.<br \/> <br \/> Every one of our great industries--steel, oil, textiles, packing,<br \/> milling, and the rest--has its early story colored with pioneer<br \/> romance. The same romantic atmosphere gave a setting of lights and<br \/> shadows to merchandising and finance and most of all to transportation.<br \/> Whether we view these nineteenth-century activities from the standpoint<br \/> of private business or of public policy, they bear the same testimony<br \/> to the pioneer attitude of mind.<br \/> <br \/> Considering our business life in its national aspects, our two greatest<br \/> enterprises in the nineteenth century were the settlement of the<br \/> continent and the building-up of a national industry. In both these<br \/> enterprises we gave the pioneer spirit wide range. With respect to the<br \/> latter, industrial policy before 1900 was summed up in three items:<br \/> protective tariff, free immigration, and essential immunity from legal<br \/> restraints. This is not the place to justify or condemn a policy of<br \/> laissez-faire, or to strike a balance of truth and error in the<br \/> intricate arguments for protection and free trade; nor need we here<br \/> trace the industrial or social results of immigration. We need only<br \/> point out that the policy in general outline illustrates the attitude<br \/> of the pioneer. The thing desired was obvious; obvious instruments were<br \/> at hand--immediate means used for immediate ends. From his viewpoint,<br \/> the question of best means or of ultimate ends did not need to be<br \/> considered.<br \/> <br \/> <strong>Question 6: <\/strong><br \/> The author implies all of the following EXCEPT:<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question25-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question25\" id=\"question25_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question25_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(A) There is doubt as to the efficacy of the long-term point of view.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question25-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question25\" id=\"question25_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question25_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(B) Pioneers foresook the long-term business model as inapplicable to the work-at-hand.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question25-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question25\" id=\"question25_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question25_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(C) Modern American industrial achievements can be attributed, in part, to a practical nature on the part of the pioneers.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question25-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question25\" id=\"question25_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question25_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(D) Different business models can be deemed ideal within unique contexts. (C) Modern American industrial achievements can be attributed, in part, to a practical nature on the part of the pioneers.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question25-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question25\" id=\"question25_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question25_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(E) The pioneers are not at fault for their failure to utilize the long-term model.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question25_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question25\" id=\"question25_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_25\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-26 slide8 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question ' >\n\t\t<p><strong>Questions 6-8 below refer to the following passage:<\/strong><br \/><br \/>In our study of business we are always emphasizing the \"long-time point<br \/> of view,\" and we fall back upon this convenient phrase to harmonize<br \/> many discrepancies between our so-called scientific principles and<br \/> present facts. On the whole, we are well justified in assuming these<br \/> long-time harmonies, but it will not do to overlook the fact that many<br \/> important and legitimate enterprises have to justify themselves from a<br \/> short-time viewpoint. Of more importance still is the fact that in this<br \/> country enterprises of the latter sort have predominated in the past.<br \/> This circumstance has a very marked bearing on the nature of our task,<br \/> when we try to approach business from the standpoint of education.<br \/> <br \/> There are strong historical and temperamental reasons why<br \/> nineteenth-century Americans were inclined to take a short-time view of<br \/> business situations. Our fathers were pioneers, and the pioneer has<br \/> neither the time, the capital, the information, the social insight, nor<br \/> the need to build policies for a distant future. The pioneer must<br \/> support himself from the land; he must get quick results, and he must<br \/> get them with the material at hand.<br \/> <br \/> Every one of our great industries--steel, oil, textiles, packing,<br \/> milling, and the rest--has its early story colored with pioneer<br \/> romance. The same romantic atmosphere gave a setting of lights and<br \/> shadows to merchandising and finance and most of all to transportation.<br \/> Whether we view these nineteenth-century activities from the standpoint<br \/> of private business or of public policy, they bear the same testimony<br \/> to the pioneer attitude of mind.<br \/> <br \/> Considering our business life in its national aspects, our two greatest<br \/> enterprises in the nineteenth century were the settlement of the<br \/> continent and the building-up of a national industry. In both these<br \/> enterprises we gave the pioneer spirit wide range. With respect to the<br \/> latter, industrial policy before 1900 was summed up in three items:<br \/> protective tariff, free immigration, and essential immunity from legal<br \/> restraints. This is not the place to justify or condemn a policy of<br \/> laissez-faire, or to strike a balance of truth and error in the<br \/> intricate arguments for protection and free trade; nor need we here<br \/> trace the industrial or social results of immigration. We need only<br \/> point out that the policy in general outline illustrates the attitude<br \/> of the pioneer. The thing desired was obvious; obvious instruments were<br \/> at hand--immediate means used for immediate ends. From his viewpoint,<br \/> the question of best means or of ultimate ends did not need to be<br \/> considered. <br \/><br \/> <br \/> <strong>Question 7: <\/strong><br \/>The primary purpose of the passage is to <br \/><br \/><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question26-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question26\" id=\"question26_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question26_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(A) outline two viewpoints in business education and favor one of them\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question26-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question26\" id=\"question26_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question26_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(B) describe how the pioneer spirit influenced the development of American industry\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question26-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question26\" id=\"question26_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question26_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(C) illustrate the romantic attitudes of 19th century American pioneers\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question26-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question26\" id=\"question26_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question26_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(D) explain how American business policy shaped 19th century industry\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question26-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question26\" id=\"question26_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question26_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(E) explore the definition of a business model through the lens of its historical context\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question26_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question26\" id=\"question26_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_26\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-9\" data-apid=\"9\" data-qpid=\"9\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-27 slide9 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question ' >\n\t\t<p><strong>Questions 6-8 below refer to the following passage:<\/strong><br \/><br \/>In our study of business we are always emphasizing the \"long-time point<br \/> of view,\" and we fall back upon this convenient phrase to harmonize<br \/> many discrepancies between our so-called scientific principles and<br \/> present facts. On the whole, we are well justified in assuming these<br \/> long-time harmonies, but it will not do to overlook the fact that many<br \/> important and legitimate enterprises have to justify themselves from a<br \/> short-time viewpoint. Of more importance still is the fact that in this<br \/> country enterprises of the latter sort have predominated in the past.<br \/> This circumstance has a very marked bearing on the nature of our task,<br \/> when we try to approach business from the standpoint of education.<br \/> <br \/> There are strong historical and temperamental reasons why<br \/> nineteenth-century Americans were inclined to take a short-time view of<br \/> business situations. Our fathers were pioneers, and the pioneer has<br \/> neither the time, the capital, the information, the social insight, nor<br \/> the need to build policies for a distant future. The pioneer must<br \/> support himself from the land; he must get quick results, and he must<br \/> get them with the material at hand.<br \/> <br \/> Every one of our great industries--steel, oil, textiles, packing,<br \/> milling, and the rest--has its early story colored with pioneer<br \/> romance. The same romantic atmosphere gave a setting of lights and<br \/> shadows to merchandising and finance and most of all to transportation.<br \/> Whether we view these nineteenth-century activities from the standpoint<br \/> of private business or of public policy, they bear the same testimony<br \/> to the pioneer attitude of mind.<br \/> <br \/> Considering our business life in its national aspects, our two greatest<br \/> enterprises in the nineteenth century were the settlement of the<br \/> continent and the building-up of a national industry. In both these<br \/> enterprises we gave the pioneer spirit wide range. With respect to the<br \/> latter, industrial policy before 1900 was summed up in three items:<br \/> protective tariff, free immigration, and essential immunity from legal<br \/> restraints. This is not the place to justify or condemn a policy of<br \/> laissez-faire, or to strike a balance of truth and error in the<br \/> intricate arguments for protection and free trade; nor need we here<br \/> trace the industrial or social results of immigration. We need only<br \/> point out that the policy in general outline illustrates the attitude<br \/> of the pioneer. The thing desired was obvious; obvious instruments were<br \/> at hand--immediate means used for immediate ends. From his viewpoint,<br \/> the question of best means or of ultimate ends did not need to be<br \/> considered. <br \/><br \/> <br \/> <strong>Question 8: <\/strong><br \/>In line 25, \u201ccolored\u201d most nearly means<br \/><br \/><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question27-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question27\" id=\"question27_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question27_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(A) shadowed\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question27-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question27\" id=\"question27_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question27_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(B) filtered\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question27-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question27\" id=\"question27_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question27_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(C) permeated\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question27-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question27\" id=\"question27_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question27_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(D) hegemonized\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question27-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question27\" id=\"question27_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question27_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(E) actuate\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question27_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question27\" id=\"question27_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_27\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-10\" data-apid=\"10\" data-qpid=\"10\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-28 slide10 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question ' >\n\t\t<p><strong>Questions 9-11 below refer to the following passage:<\/strong><br \/> <br \/> If one is to establish a terminus ante quem for the appearance of the mechanical clock in Europe, it would appear that 1364 is the most reasonable date. It might well be possible to set a date a few decades earlier, but in general as one proceeds backwards from this point, the evidence becomes increasingly fragmentary and uncertain.<br \/> <br \/> Temporarily postponing the consideration of evidence prior to 1350, one may take Giovanni de Dondi as a starting point and trace a virtually unbroken lineage from his time to the present day. One may follow the spread of clocks through Europe, from large towns to small ones, from the richer cathedrals and abbeys to the less wealthy churches. There is the transition from the tower clocks\u2014showpieces of great institutions--to the simple chamber clock designed for domestic use and to the smaller portable clocks and still smaller and more portable pocket watches.<br \/> <br \/> In mechanical refinement a similar continuity may be noted, so that one sees the cumulative effect of the introduction of the spring drive, pendulum control, and the anchor escapement. The transition from de Dondi to the modern chronometer is indeed basically continuous, and though much research needs to be done on special topics, it has an historical unity and seems to conform for the most part to the general pattern of steady mechanical improvement found elsewhere in the history of technology.<br \/> <br \/> Most remarkable however is the earliest period of this seemingly steady evolution. Side by side with the advances made in the earliest period extending for less than two centuries from the time of de Dondi one may see a spectacular process of degeneration or devolution. Not only is de Dondi's the earliest clock of which we have a full and trustworthy account, it is also far more complicated than any other until comparatively modern times! Moreover, it was not an exception. There were others like it, and one cannot therefore reject as accidental this process of degeneration that occurs at the very beginning of the certain history of the mechanical clock in Europe.<br \/> <br \/> <strong>Question 9: <\/strong>The primary purpose of this passage it to <br \/><br \/><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question28-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question28\" id=\"question28_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question28_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(A) provide the date for the invention of the mechanical clock.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question28-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question28\" id=\"question28_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question28_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(B) acknowledge the debt the world owes de Dondi\u2019s research into mechanical clockworks.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question28-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question28\" id=\"question28_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question28_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(C) describe the history of the development of the mechanical clock.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question28-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question28\" id=\"question28_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question28_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(D) overview the process of degeneration in the development of the mechanical clock.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question28-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question28\" id=\"question28_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question28_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(E) frame a discussion of the development of the clock in terms of cumulative lineage\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question28_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question28\" id=\"question28_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_28\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-11\" data-apid=\"11\" data-qpid=\"11\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-29 slide11 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question ' >\n\t\t<p><strong>Questions 9-11 below refer to the following passage:<\/strong><br \/><br \/>If one is to establish a terminus ante quem for the appearance of the mechanical clock in Europe, it would appear that 1364 is the most reasonable date. It might well be possible to set a date a few decades earlier, but in general as one proceeds backwards from this point, the evidence becomes increasingly fragmentary and uncertain. <br \/> <br \/> Temporarily postponing the consideration of evidence prior to 1350, one may take Giovanni de Dondi as a starting point and trace a virtually unbroken lineage from his time to the present day. One may follow the spread of clocks through Europe, from large towns to small ones, from the richer cathedrals and abbeys to the less wealthy churches. There is the transition from the tower clocks\u2014showpieces of great institutions--to the simple chamber clock designed for domestic use and to the smaller portable clocks and still smaller and more portable pocket watches. <br \/> <br \/> In mechanical refinement a similar continuity may be noted, so that one sees the cumulative effect of the introduction of the spring drive, pendulum control, and the anchor escapement. The transition from de Dondi to the modern chronometer is indeed basically continuous, and though much research needs to be done on special topics, it has an historical unity and seems to conform for the most part to the general pattern of steady mechanical improvement found elsewhere in the history of technology.<br \/> <br \/> Most remarkable however is the earliest period of this seemingly steady evolution. Side by side with the advances made in the earliest period extending for less than two centuries from the time of de Dondi one may see a spectacular process of degeneration or devolution. Not only is de Dondi's the earliest clock of which we have a full and trustworthy account, it is also far more complicated than any other until comparatively modern times! Moreover, it was not an exception. There were others like it, and one cannot therefore reject as accidental this process of degeneration that occurs at the very beginning of the certain history of the mechanical clock in Europe.<br \/> <br \/><br \/> <br \/> <strong>Question 10: <\/strong><br \/>According to the passage, which of the following is the primary reason that de Dondi\u2019s contributions are noteworthy?<br \/><br \/><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question29-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question29\" id=\"question29_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question29_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(A) He was the only man in his time to take an interest in mechanical clockworks.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question29-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question29\" id=\"question29_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question29_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(B) He was the earliest designer of the mechanical clock.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question29-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question29\" id=\"question29_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question29_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(C) His clock was the most modern among his contemporaries.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question29-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question29\" id=\"question29_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question29_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(D) Out of all the historical clock-makers, his account was the most full and trustworthy.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question29-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question29\" id=\"question29_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question29_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(E) Starting from his contributions, there is an unbroken lineage of achievements in clock-making.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question29_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question29\" id=\"question29_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_29\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-12\" data-apid=\"12\" data-qpid=\"12\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-30 slide12 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question ' >\n\t\t<p><strong>Questions 9-11 below refer to the following passage:<\/strong><br \/><br \/>If one is to establish a terminus ante quem for the appearance of the mechanical clock in Europe, it would appear that 1364 is the most reasonable date. It might well be possible to set a date a few decades earlier, but in general as one proceeds backwards from this point, the evidence becomes increasingly fragmentary and uncertain. <br \/> <br \/> Temporarily postponing the consideration of evidence prior to 1350, one may take Giovanni de Dondi as a starting point and trace a virtually unbroken lineage from his time to the present day. One may follow the spread of clocks through Europe, from large towns to small ones, from the richer cathedrals and abbeys to the less wealthy churches. There is the transition from the tower clocks\u2014showpieces of great institutions--to the simple chamber clock designed for domestic use and to the smaller portable clocks and still smaller and more portable pocket watches. <br \/> <br \/> In mechanical refinement a similar continuity may be noted, so that one sees the cumulative effect of the introduction of the spring drive, pendulum control, and the anchor escapement. The transition from de Dondi to the modern chronometer is indeed basically continuous, and though much research needs to be done on special topics, it has an historical unity and seems to conform for the most part to the general pattern of steady mechanical improvement found elsewhere in the history of technology.<br \/> <br \/> Most remarkable however is the earliest period of this seemingly steady evolution. Side by side with the advances made in the earliest period extending for less than two centuries from the time of de Dondi one may see a spectacular process of degeneration or devolution. Not only is de Dondi's the earliest clock of which we have a full and trustworthy account, it is also far more complicated than any other until comparatively modern times! Moreover, it was not an exception. There were others like it, and one cannot therefore reject as accidental this process of degeneration that occurs at the very beginning of the certain history of the mechanical clock in Europe.<br \/> <br \/><br \/> <br \/> <strong>Question 11: <\/strong><br \/> The attitude of the author of the passage towards the development of the mechanical clock can best be described as:<br \/><br \/><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question30-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question30\" id=\"question30_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question30_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(A) objective and detached\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question30-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question30\" id=\"question30_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question30_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(B) enthusiastic and tempered\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question30-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question30\" id=\"question30_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question30_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(C) contemplative and anecdotal\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question30-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question30\" id=\"question30_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question30_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(D) discursive and logical\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question30-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question30\" id=\"question30_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question30_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t(E) passionate and persuasive\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question30_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question30\" id=\"question30_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_30\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"11Q208Q21Q22Q23Q24Q25Q26Q27Q28Q29Q30Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end qsm-d-none\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_message_end'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>You have answered all the questions in the quiz. Press Submit to view your score<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<br \/><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"12\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"12\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.reachivy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time's up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Most students who take the GMAT are intimidated by the Reading Comprehension section of the GMAT. The GMAT tests you on various parameters, right from your ability to comprehend the passage, to your grammar skills, and finally your ability to infer and summarize. Here is a reading comprehension test sample for the GMAT. Instructions: The&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":6842,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-plaintextinnerpage.php","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6936","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reachivy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6936","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reachivy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reachivy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reachivy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reachivy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6936"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.reachivy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6936\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6938,"href":"https:\/\/www.reachivy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6936\/revisions\/6938"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reachivy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6842"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reachivy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6936"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}